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<title>Geoffrey Howe</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geoffrey Howe</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Lord Howe of Aberavon</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="Companion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Honour">CH</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="Queen's_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">QC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Howe in 1985</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>24 July 1989 – 1 November 1990</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="The_Viscount_Whitelaw" class="mw-redirect" title="The Viscount Whitelaw">The Viscount Whitelaw</a> (<i>de<span class="nowrap"> </span>facto</i>; 1988)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Michael_Heseltine" title="Michael Heseltine">Michael Heseltine</a> (1995)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a></li><li><a href="Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>24 July 1989 – 1 November 1990</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Margaret Thatcher</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="John_Wakeham" title="John Wakeham">John Wakeham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="John_MacGregor%2C_Baron_MacGregor_of_Pulham_Market" title="John MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market">John MacGregor</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>11 June 1983 – 24 July 1989</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Margaret Thatcher</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Francis Pym</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>4 May 1979 – 11 June 1983</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Margaret Thatcher</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Nigel Lawson</a>

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<th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em"><a href="Shadow_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Cabinet">Shadow Cabinet</a> posts

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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Shadow_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer">Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>18 February 1975 – 4 May 1979</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data">Margaret Thatcher</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Robert Carr</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Denis Healey</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Shadow_Secretary_of_State_for_Health_and_Social_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Secretary of State for Health and Social Services">Shadow Secretary of State for Health and Social Services</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>11 March 1974 – 18 February 1975</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Keith Joseph</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Norman_Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Fowler">Norman Fowler</a>

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<th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Junior ministerial offices <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">

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</style><span class="nobold">1970‍–‍1974</span>

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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Minister_of_State_for_Trade_and_Consumer_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State for Trade and Consumer Affairs">Minister of State for Trade and Consumer Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>5 November 1972 – 4 March 1974</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Edward Heath</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Michael_Noble%2C_Baron_Glenkinglas" title="Michael Noble, Baron Glenkinglas">Michael Noble</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Eric_Deakins" title="Eric Deakins">Eric Deakins</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Solicitor General for England and Wales">Solicitor General for England and Wales</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>23 June 1970 – 5 November 1972</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Edward Heath</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Arthur_Irvine" title="Arthur Irvine">Arthur Irvine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Michael_Havers" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Havers">Michael Havers</a>

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<th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Parliamentary offices

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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Member_of_the_House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the House of Lords">Member of the House of Lords</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: #eee"><b><a href="Lord_Temporal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Temporal">Lord Temporal</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="Life_peer" title="Life peer">Life peerage</a></b></span><br>30 June 1992 – 19 May 2015</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br>for <a href="East_Surrey_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="East Surrey (UK Parliament constituency)">East Surrey</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>28 February 1974 – 16 March 1992</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="William_Clark%2C_Baron_Clark_of_Kempston" title="William Clark, Baron Clark of Kempston">William Clark</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Peter_Ainsworth" title="Peter Ainsworth">Peter Ainsworth</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br>for <a href="Reigate_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Reigate (UK Parliament constituency)">Reigate</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>18 June 1970 – 8 February 1974</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="John_Vaughan-Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="John Vaughan-Morgan">John Vaughan-Morgan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="George_Gardiner_(politician)" title="George Gardiner (politician)">George Gardiner</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of Parliament<br>for <a href="Bebington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bebington (UK Parliament constituency)">Bebington</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>15 October 1964 – 10 March 1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Hendrie_Oakshott" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrie Oakshott">Hendrie Oakshott</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Edwin_Brooks" title="Edwin Brooks">Edwin Brooks</a>

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</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Richard Edward Geoffrey Howe</div><br><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1926-12-20</span>)</span>20 December 1926<br><a href="Port_Talbot" title="Port Talbot">Port Talbot</a>, Glamorgan, Wales</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 October 2015<span style="display:none">(2015-10-09)</span> (aged 88)<br><a href="Idlicote" title="Idlicote">Idlicote</a>, Warwickshire, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1298804929">

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<div class="marriage-display-inline"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="Elspeth_Howe" title="Elspeth Howe">Elspeth Shand</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">

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</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="28 August 1953">1953</span>)<wbr></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Abberley_Hall_School" title="Abberley Hall School">Abberley Hall School</a></li><li><a href="Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester College</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Barrister</li><li>politician</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)">Lieutenant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Royal_Corps_of_Signals" title="Royal Corps of Signals">Royal Corps of Signals</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Richard Edward Geoffrey Howe, Baron Howe of Aberavon</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="Companion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Honour">CH</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="Queen's_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">QC</a></span></span> (20 December 1926 – 9 October 2015), known from 1970 to 1992 as <b>Sir Geoffrey Howe</b>, was a British politician who served as <a href="Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> from 1989 to 1990. A member of the <a href="Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, he was <a href="Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>'s longest-serving <a href="Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> minister, successively holding the posts of <a href="Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, <a href="Foreign_Secretary_(United_Kingdom)" title="Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)">foreign secretary</a>, and finally <a href="Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">leader of the House of Commons</a>, deputy prime minister and <a href="Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a>. His resignation from Cabinet on 1 November 1990 is widely considered to have precipitated the <a href="1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">leadership challenge</a> that led to Thatcher's resignation three weeks later.

</p><p>Born in <a href="Port_Talbot" title="Port Talbot">Port Talbot</a>, Wales, Howe was educated at Bridgend Preparatory School, <a href="Abberley_Hall_School" title="Abberley Hall School">Abberley Hall School</a>, <a href="Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester College</a>, and – after serving in the army as a <a href="Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)">lieutenant</a> – <a href="Trinity_Hall%2C_Cambridge" title="Trinity Hall, Cambridge">Trinity Hall, Cambridge</a>, where he read law. He was <a href="Called_to_the_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Called to the bar">called to the bar</a> in 1952 and practised in Wales, after which he was elected as the Conservative <a href="Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">member of Parliament</a> (MP) for <a href="Bebington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bebington (UK Parliament constituency)">Bebington</a> in 1964, but lost his seat in 1966, returning to the bar. Howe became an MP again at the <a href="1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">1970 general election</a> and represented various constituencies in the House of Commons until 1992. In <a href="Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>'s <a href="Heath_ministry" title="Heath ministry">government</a>, he was <a href="Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Solicitor General for England and Wales">solicitor general</a> and a <a href="Minister_of_State_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State (United Kingdom)">minister of state</a>; after <a href="Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>'s victory in 1974, Howe became the <a href="Shadow_chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow chancellor of the Exchequer">shadow chancellor of the Exchequer</a> in <a href="Shadow_Cabinet_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Shadow Cabinet of Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher's shadow cabinet</a>.

</p><p>Howe became Chancellor of the Exchequer upon Thatcher's victory in the <a href="1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979 general election</a>, with his tenure characterised by a programme of radical policies intended to restore the <a href="Public_finance" title="Public finance">public finances</a>, reduce inflation and liberalise the economy. As chancellor, Howe delivered five <a href="Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">budgets</a>. After the <a href="1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983 general election</a>, Howe was appointed foreign secretary, serving six years. In 1989, Thatcher replaced Howe with <a href="John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a>, giving Howe the role of deputy prime minister. He resigned from the government on 1 November 1990; in his <a href="Resignation_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Resignation letter">resignation letter</a>, he criticised Thatcher's handling of <a href="United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Union">relations with the EEC</a> and further attacked Thatcher in his <a href="Resignation_speech" title="Resignation speech">resignation speech</a> to the Commons on 13 November. The speech was widely seen as the key catalyst for the leadership challenge mounted by <a href="Michael_Heseltine" title="Michael Heseltine">Michael Heseltine</a> a few days later, which led to Thatcher's resignation and her replacement by Major.

</p><p>Howe retired as an MP in 1992 and was made a <a href="Life_peer" title="Life peer">life peer</a> in June of that year. Following his retirement from the Commons, Howe took on several non-executive directorships in business and advisory posts in law and academia. He <a href="House_of_Lords_Reform_Act_2014" title="House of Lords Reform Act 2014">retired from the House of Lords</a> in May 2015 and died in October of the same year, aged 88.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div>

<p>Howe was born in 1926 at <a href="Port_Talbot" title="Port Talbot">Port Talbot</a>, Wales, to Benjamin Edward Howe, a solicitor and coroner, and Eliza Florence (née Thomson) Howe. He was to describe himself as a quarter <a href="Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a>, a quarter <a href="Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a> and half <a href="Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had one older sister, Barbara, who died of meningitis just before he was born, and a younger brother, Colin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe19944_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe19944-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>He was educated at three <a href="Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">private schools</a>: at Bridgend Preparatory School in Bryntirion, followed by <a href="Abberley_Hall_School" title="Abberley Hall School">Abberley Hall School</a> in Worcestershire and by winning an <a href="Exhibition_(scholarship)" title="Exhibition (scholarship)">exhibition</a> to <a href="Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester College</a> in Hampshire.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howe was not sporty, joining the debating society instead. It was during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">wartime</a>, so he was active in the <a href="Home_Guard_(United_Kingdom)" title="Home Guard (United Kingdom)">Home Guard</a> at the school and set up a National Savings group. He was also a keen photographer and film buff. A gifted classicist, Howe was offered an exhibition to <a href="Trinity_Hall%2C_Cambridge" title="Trinity Hall, Cambridge">Trinity Hall, Cambridge</a> in 1945 but first decided to join the army. He did a six-month course in maths and physics. Then he did <a href="Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">national service</a> as a <a href="Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)">lieutenant</a> with the <a href="Royal_Corps_of_Signals" title="Royal Corps of Signals">Royal Corps of Signals</a> in East Africa, by his own account giving political lectures in <a href="Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> about how Africans should avoid communism and remain loyal to "<i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bwana#English" class="extiw external" title="wikt:bwana">Bwana</a></i> <a href="George_VI" title="George VI">Kingy George</a>"; and also climbed <a href="Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Mount Kilimanjaro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe199416_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe199416-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Having declined an offer to remain in the army as a <a href="Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)">captain</a>, he <a href="Matriculation#United_Kingdom" title="Matriculation">matriculated</a> at Trinity Hall in 1948, where he read law and was chairman of the <a href="Cambridge_University_Conservative_Association" title="Cambridge University Conservative Association">Cambridge University Conservative Association</a>, and on the committee of the <a href="Cambridge_Union_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Union Society">Cambridge Union Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IndObit_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndObit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was <a href="Called_to_the_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Called to the bar">called to the bar</a> by the <a href="Middle_Temple" title="Middle Temple">Middle Temple</a> in 1952 and practised in Wales. On 28 August 1953,<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howe married <a href="Elspeth_Howe" title="Elspeth Howe">Elspeth Shand</a>, daughter of <a href="P._Morton_Shand" class="mw-redirect" title="P. Morton Shand">P. Morton Shand</a>. They had a son and two daughters. At first, his legal practice struggled to pay, surviving thanks to a £1,200 gift from his father and a prudent marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne2014"Howe"_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne2014"Howe"-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served on the Council of the Bar from 1957 to 1962 and was a council member of the pressure group <a href="JUSTICE" class="mw-redirect" title="JUSTICE">JUSTICE</a>. A high-earning barrister, he was made a <a href="Queen's_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">QC</a> in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_obit_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_obit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Choosing a parallel career in politics, Howe stood as the Conservative Party candidate in his native <a href="Aberavon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Aberavon (UK Parliament constituency)">Aberavon</a> at the <a href="Aberavon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)#Elections_in_the_1950s" title="Aberavon (UK Parliament constituency)">1955 and 1959</a> <a href="United_Kingdom_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom general elections">general elections</a>, losing in what was a very safe <a href="Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> seat. He helped to found the <a href="Bow_Group" title="Bow Group">Bow Group</a>, an internal Conservative think tank of "young modernisers" in the 1950s; he was one of its first chairmen in 1955–1956 and edited its magazine <i>Crossbow</i> from 1960 to 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-IndObit_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndObit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, he co-authored the report <i>A Giant's Strength</i> published by the <a href="Inns_of_Court" title="Inns of Court">Inns of Court</a> Conservative Association. The report argued that the unions had become too powerful and that their <a href="Trade_Disputes_Act_1906" title="Trade Disputes Act 1906">legal privileges</a> should be curtailed. <a href="Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a> discouraged the authors from publicising the report.

</p><p><a href="Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> believed that trade union votes had contributed towards the 1951 and 1955 election victories and thought that it "would be inexpedient to adopt any policy involving legislation which would alienate this support".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKynaston2013158_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKynaston2013158-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through a series of Bow Group publications, Howe advanced free market ideas, primarily inspired by the thinking of <a href="Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a>, which was later to be known as <a href="Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backbencher">Backbencher</h3></div>

<p>Howe represented <a href="Bebington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bebington (UK Parliament constituency)">Bebington</a> in the <a href="British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> from 1964 to 1966 with a much-reduced majority. He became a chairman of the backbench committee on social services, being quickly recognised for promotion to the front bench as HM Opposition spokesman on welfare and labour policy. He was defeated at the <a href="1966_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1966 United Kingdom general election">1966 general election</a>.

</p><p>Howe returned to the bar. He participated in the 1966 <a href="Aberfan_Disaster_Tribunal" title="Aberfan Disaster Tribunal">Aberfan Disaster Tribunal</a>, representing the colliery managers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sat as deputy chairman of Glamorgan <a href="Quarter_sessions" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarter sessions">quarter sessions</a>. More politically significant was working on the Latey Committee, tasked with recommending a reduction in the voting age. In 1969, he chaired the committee of inquiry to investigate alleged abuse at <a href="Ely_Hospital" title="Ely Hospital">Ely Mental Hospital</a>, Cardiff. On Howe's insistence, the inquiry's remit was expanded to cover the treatment of patients with <a href="Intellectual_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual disabilities">intellectual disabilities</a> within the National Health Service. The report greatly impacted mental health provision in the UK, beginning a process that led to the widespread closure of large mental hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But of more legislative importance were the Street Committee on racial discrimination, and Cripps Committee on discrimination against women, the reports of which helped the Labour government to change the law.

</p><p>He returned to the House of Commons as the MP for <a href="Reigate_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Reigate (UK Parliament constituency)">Reigate</a> from 1970 to 1974 and <a href="East_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="East Surrey">East Surrey</a> from 1974 to 1992. In 1970, he was appointed <a href="Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Solicitor General for England and Wales">Solicitor General</a> in <a href="Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>'s government and was <a href="Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was responsible for the <a href="Industrial_Relations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Relations Act">Industrial Relations Act</a> that caused immediate retaliatory union strikes. He was promoted in 1972 to Minister of State at the <a href="Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)">Department of Trade and Industry</a>, with a seat in the <a href="Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> and <a href="Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Privy Council</a> membership, a post he held until Labour was returned to government in <a href="February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">March 1974</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IndObit_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndObit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shadow_Cabinet">Shadow Cabinet</h3></div>

<p>In 1974, the Reigate boundary changes redrew the seat as East Surrey, and Heath appointed him as spokesman for social services. Howe contested the second ballot of the <a href="1975_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1975 Conservative Party leadership election">1975 Conservative leadership election</a>, in which <a href="Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> was elected as party leader. She saw him as a like-minded right-winger, and he was appointed <a href="Shadow_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer">Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>. He masterminded the development of new economic policies embodied in an Opposition mini-manifesto <i>The Right Approach to the Economy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>At the same time, in response to the <a href="1976_sterling_crisis" title="1976 sterling crisis">1976 sterling crisis</a>, Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer <a href="Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a> had requested a loan of $3.9 billion from the <a href="International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF); at the time, it was the largest loan request the IMF had ever received. In 1978, Healey said Howe's criticism was "like being savaged by a dead sheep".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, when Healey was featured on <i><a href="This_Is_Your_Life_(British_TV_series)" title="This Is Your Life (British TV series)">This Is Your Life</a></i> in 1989, Howe appeared and paid warm tribute.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thatcher_government">Thatcher government</h2></div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the politics series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Philosophy</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><b><a href="Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></b></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li>

<li><a href="Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian liberalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li>

<li><a href="Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Property-owning_democracy" title="Property-owning democracy">Property-owning democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">People</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><b><a href="Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></b></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li>

<li><a href="Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Seldon" title="Arthur Seldon">Arthur Seldon</a></li>

<li><a href="Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Keith Joseph</a></li>

<li><a href="Ralph_Harris%2C_Baron_Harris_of_High_Cross" title="Ralph Harris, Baron Harris of High Cross">Ralph Harris</a></li>

<li><a href="Alan_Walters" title="Alan Walters">Alan Walters</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_Ridley%2C_Baron_Ridley_of_Liddesdale" title="Nicholas Ridley, Baron Ridley of Liddesdale">Nicholas Ridley</a></li>

<li><a href="Norman_Tebbit" title="Norman Tebbit">Norman Tebbit</a></li>

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<li><a href="John_Redwood" title="John Redwood">John Redwood</a></li>

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<ul><li><b><a href="Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a></b> / <a href="Wets_and_dries" title="Wets and dries">"Dries"</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism (United Kingdom)</a></li>

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<li><a href="Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a> (New Zealand)</li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</h3></div>

<p>With the Conservative victory in the <a href="1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979 general election</a>, Howe became <a href="Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His tenure was characterised by an ambitious programme of radical policies intended to restore the public finances, reduce inflation and liberalise the economy. The shift from direct to indirect taxation, the development of a medium-term financial strategy, the abolition of <a href="Exchange_controls" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange controls">exchange controls</a> and the creation of tax-free enterprise zones were among the most important decisions of his chancellorship.

</p><p>The first of five budgets, <a href="June_1979_United_Kingdom_budget" title="June 1979 United Kingdom budget">in 1979</a>, promised to honour Professor <a href="Hugh_Clegg_(industrial_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Clegg (industrial relations)">Hugh Clegg</a>'s report that recommended a return to pre-1975 pay levels in real terms, conceding Howe's point about "concerted action".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rampant inflation had, however, eroded competitiveness, and devalued pensions, investments, and wages. Thatcher reminded him: "On your own head be it, Geoffrey, if anything goes wrong," commencing an often tense and querulous working relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_obit_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_obit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thatcher's point was that the vast increase in (indirect) taxation and government spending (notably in public sector pay) in 1979 would lead to terrible consequences – which it did, as unemployment doubled. The financial policy tightened the money supply and restricted public sector pay, ultimately driving up inflation, at least in the short term, and unemployment in the medium term.

</p>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Fundamentally we do believe in German principles of economic management and should be able to get ourselves alongside them ... pronounce in favour of ... providing greater stability as encouraging convergence on economic policies.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>During Thatcher's first term, the government's poll ratings plummeted until the "<a href="Falklands_Factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Falklands Factor">Falklands Factor</a>". Howe's <a href="1981_United_Kingdom_budget" title="1981 United Kingdom budget">1981 Budget</a> defied conventional economic wisdom by slowing the inflation rate during a recession. At the time, his decision was fiercely criticised by 364 academic economists in a letter to <i><a href="The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, who contended that there was no place for de-stimulatory policies in the economic climate of the time, remarking the budget had "no basis in economic theory or supporting evidence". Many signatories were prominent members of the academic sphere, including <a href="Mervyn_King%2C_Baron_King_of_Lothbury" title="Mervyn King, Baron King of Lothbury">Mervyn King</a> who later became the <a href="Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England">Governor of the Bank of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The logic in his proposals was that by reducing the deficit, which at the time was £9.3 billion (3.6% GDP), and controlling inflation, long-term interest rates would be able to decline, thus re-stimulating the economy. The budget did reduce inflation from 11.9% in early 1981 to 3.8% in February 1983. Long-term interest rates declined from 14% in 1981 to 10% in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy slowly climbed out of recession. However, already extremely high unemployment was pushed to a 50-year high of 12% by 1984, narrowly avoiding the figure reached during the <a href="Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of 13.5%. Some have argued that the budget, although ultimately successful, was nevertheless over the top.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specialist opinions on the question, expressed with 25 years' hindsight, are collected in an <a href="Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">Institute of Economic Affairs</a> report.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_364allWrong_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_364allWrong-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Unlike <a href="Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a>, his <a href="Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macro-economic policy</a> emphasised the need to narrow the budget deficit rather than engage in unilateral tax cuts – "I never succumbed ... to the mistaken interpretations of <a href="Laffer_curve" title="Laffer curve">Lafferism</a>, which have led some US policymakers so far astray";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe1994128_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe1994128-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite these measures the budget deficit remained on average 3% of GDP during Howe's tenure. His macroeconomic policy was designed to liberalise the economy and promote supply-side reform. This combination of policies became one of the defining features of Thatcherism in power.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by the time of his last budget, shortly before a general election, there were early signs of a recovery, which Howe used to justify a tax cut.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_obit_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_obit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Documents released under the British government's 30-year rule in 2011 revealed that in the wake of the <a href="Toxteth_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxteth riots">Toxteth riots</a> in Liverpool in 1981, Howe had warned Thatcher "not to overcommit scarce resources to Liverpool", writing that "It would be even more regrettable if some of the brighter ideas for renewing economic activity were to be sown only on relatively stony ground on the banks of the Mersey. I cannot help feeling that the option of managed decline is one which we should not forget altogether. We must not expend all our limited resources in trying to make water flow uphill".<sup id="cite_ref-liverpool_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liverpool-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howe later stated that he had not advocated the "managed decline" policy and that he had merely been warning of the danger of concentrating excessive resources on one area of need.<sup id="cite_ref-liverpool_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liverpool-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_Secretary">Foreign Secretary</h3></div>

<p>After the <a href="1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983 general election</a>, Thatcher reluctantly appointed Howe Foreign Secretary, a post he held for six years, the longest tenure since <a href="Sir_Edward_Grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edward Grey">Sir Edward Grey</a> in 1905–1916.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2003226_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2003226-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With "the quiet determination" applied in the Treasury, he set off on a tour of Warsaw Pact countries, interviewing communist leaders and sounding out opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2003276_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2003276-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trip opened the way to further discussions with Mikhail Gorbachev, with whom he believed Thatcher shared "extraordinary chemistry."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2003380_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2003380-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later looked back on this period (1983–1985) as his happiest and most fruitful and productive, engaging with world leaders across the summit table, sharing decisions with Thatcher, including a notable encounter with <a href="Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> on 6 September 1982. Success with the Americans proved decisive in bringing about the <a href="End_of_Communism_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="End of Communism in Europe">end of Communism in Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2003270_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2003270-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Howe was closely involved in the negotiations leading up to the 1984 <a href="Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a> on the future of <a href="British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, and developed a good working relationship with the <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a>, <a href="George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a>, mirroring the close connection between Thatcher and President <a href="Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Howe's tenure was made difficult by growing behind-the-scenes tensions with the Prime Minister on a number of issues, first on South Africa, next on Britain's relations with the <a href="European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a>, and then in 1985 the <a href="Anglo-Irish_Agreement" title="Anglo-Irish Agreement">Anglo-Irish Agreement</a>. For his staff, Howe was a respected boss; mild-mannered, polite and courteous, he was assiduous in his attention to detail. However, the human rights questions over <a href="South_African_sanctions" class="mw-redirect" title="South African sanctions">South African sanctions</a> and trade embargo, coupled with his deep concern over Thatcher's strident style in Europe, increasingly drove a stressful wedge between Nos. 10 and 11. They began to drift apart on policy objectives with fatal consequences for the Prime Minister's ambitions. Thatcher's dominant style contrasted with his emollience, patience and capacity for negotiation. Their differences were dated to the Westland Affair in 1986, when senior ministers almost forced her to resign, according to <a href="Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Douglas Hurd</a>'s memoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurd2003_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurd2003-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In June 1989, Howe and his successor as chancellor, <a href="Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Nigel Lawson</a>, both secretly threatened to resign over Thatcher's opposition to proposed British membership of the exchange rate mechanism of the <a href="European_Monetary_System" title="European Monetary System">European Monetary System</a>. Howe supported the ERM because of his general support of European integration and because he had become convinced as chancellor of the need for more exchange rate stability.<sup id="cite_ref-IndObit_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndObit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe1994448_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe1994448-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She turned increasingly for advice to her No.10 private secretary Charles Powell, a career diplomat who contrasted to Howe's mandarin-style. Howe remarked: "She was often exasperated by my tenaciously quiet brand of advocacy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe1994570_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe1994570-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His friends often wondered why he put up with her style for so long, but many considered him her successor. One historian has suggested that the government would have survived even the ructions over Europe had Howe remained her ally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDell1997449–89_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDell1997449–89-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deputy_prime_minister">Deputy prime minister</h3></div>

<p>In July 1989, the then little-known <a href="John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> was unexpectedly appointed to replace Howe as Foreign Secretary. Howe became <a href="Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a>, <a href="Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> and <a href="Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy Prime Minister</a>. In the reshuffle, Howe was also offered, but turned down, the post of Home Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although attempts were made to belittle this aspect, Howe's move back to domestic politics was generally seen as a demotion, especially after Thatcher's press secretary <a href="Bernard_Ingham" title="Bernard Ingham">Bernard Ingham</a> belittled the significance of the deputy prime minister appointment, saying that the title had no constitutional significance, at his lobby briefing the following morning.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Howe then had to give up the Foreign Secretary's country residence <a href="Chevening" title="Chevening">Chevening</a>. The sceptical attitude towards Howe in Number 10 weakened him politically – even if it might have been driven to some degree by fear of him as a possible successor, a problem compounded by the resignation from the Treasury of his principal ally Nigel Lawson later in the same year. During his time as deputy prime minister, Howe made a series of coded calls on Thatcher to realign her administration, which was suffering rising unpopularity following its introduction of the <a href="Poll_tax_(Great_Britain)" title="Poll tax (Great Britain)">poll tax</a>, as a "listening government".<sup id="cite_ref-IndObit_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndObit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Thatcher">Relationship with Thatcher</h3></div>

<p>Tensions began to emerge in 1982 during the <a href="Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> when Thatcher, on the advice of Harold Macmillan (who warned against including the Treasury), refused to appoint him to the <a href="War_cabinet" title="War cabinet">war cabinet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinen2009148_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinen2009148-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his first budget, Thatcher wrote to <a href="Adam_Ridley" title="Adam Ridley">Adam Ridley</a>: "The trouble with people like Geoffrey – lawyers – they are too timid."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the occasion of the general election victory of 1983, there were heated exchanges of views in No. 10 on her decision to move him to the Foreign Office. Howe was one of those who persuaded <a href="Michael_Heseltine" title="Michael Heseltine">Michael Heseltine</a> that on balance, it was probably better that he, rather than she, resign during the <a href="Westland_affair" title="Westland affair">Westland affair</a> in 1986. At the Scottish Party Conference in <a href="Perth%2C_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a> in 1987, Howe spelt out his position for the <a href="European_single_market" title="European single market">European single market</a> and the proposed Delors Plan (Thatcher having accepted the <a href="Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a> in 1986<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In the following year, Thatcher made her <a href="Bruges_speech" title="Bruges speech">speech at Bruges</a> declining the offer to deepen the bureaucratic state towards a "<a href="Federalisation_of_the_European_Union" title="Federalisation of the European Union">Federalist Superstate</a>".

</p><p>At the <a href="Intergovernmental_Conference" title="Intergovernmental Conference">Madrid inter-governmental conference</a>, the tensions were ratcheted higher as Thatcher emphatically renounced any advance in British policy over the European agenda for "<a href="European_integration" title="European integration">ever closer union</a>" of political and economic forces. Howe forced her to give conditions for entering the proposal for <a href="European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">entry to the ERM</a> in June 1989. Howe and Nigel Lawson threatened to resign, but she called his bluff by appointing John Major over his head. Howe resented having to give up the state residence of Chevening in Kent on being effectively demoted to Lord President of the Council. He deeply resented leaving the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, a job he had always coveted. When Lawson resigned, it looked like a natural reshuffle, but Howe was frozen out of the inner circle. When Howe attended a meeting with the Queen, he found that Britain had joined the ERM before he had been informed about it – the ERM had been Howe's policy. The pound sterling was thus pegged to the <a href="Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> instead of the US dollar. The consequence was that Britain's currency was pummelled into devaluation by a much stronger German economy – the option to leave cost Britain billions in 1992. But at the Rome Summit in October 1990, Thatcher was said to have exclaimed, in a fit of pique, "no, no, no" to the Delors Plan and repeated the government's policy at Paris summit on 18–20 November.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also repeated <a href="No._No._No._(Margaret_Thatcher)" title="No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)">the "no, no, no" message</a> in the House of Commons on her return to Westminster. Howe had told <a href="Brian_Walden" title="Brian Walden">Brian Walden</a> (a former Labour MP) on ITV's <i><a href="Weekend_World" title="Weekend World">Weekend World</a></i> that the "government did not oppose the principle of a single currency", which was factually accurate – as its policy was that the "hard ECU" could evolve into a single currency, but that a single currency should not be imposed – but contrary to Thatcher's emerging view.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation">Resignation</h3></div>

<p>Howe tendered his resignation on 1 November 1990. Sometimes mocked as "<a href="Mogadon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogadon">Mogadon</a> man" – Mogadon being a well-known sleeping medication – Howe delivered a blow to Thatcher's government in full view of <a href="Prime_Minister's_Questions" title="Prime Minister's Questions">Prime Minister's Questions</a> and a packed House of Commons on 13 November. Howe later contended that the <a href="Community_Charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Charge">Community Charge</a> was incompetently implemented, but it was the direction of European policy rather than domestic rioting that tipped the balance. His dispute with Thatcher was over matters of substance more than ones of style; he advocated a move back towards a more centrist position on constitutional and administrative issues, such as taxation and European integration. Howe represented a moderate position in the party, being educated, lawyerly, and diligent; while direct, he was conciliatory and collegial in style.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_obit_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_obit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Howe wrote a cautiously worded letter of resignation in which he criticised the Prime Minister's overall handling of UK relations with the European Community. After largely successful attempts by <a href="10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a> to claim that there were differences only in style, rather than substance, in Howe's disagreement with Thatcher on Europe, Howe chose to send a powerful message of dissent. In his resignation speech in the Commons on 13 November 1990, he attacked Thatcher for running increasingly serious risks for the country's future. He criticised her for undermining the policies on EMU proposed by her chancellor and governor of the Bank of England.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Howe offered a cricket simile for British negotiations on EMU in Europe: "It's rather like sending our opening batsmen to the crease only for them to find that before the first ball is bowled, their bats have been broken by the team captain."<sup id="cite_ref-cricket_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cricket-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The simile was written by his wife, Elspeth, who was an avid cricket fan and had watched Thatcher use a cricket metaphor on the news the night before Howe gave his speech.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ended his speech with an appeal to cabinet colleagues: "The time has come for others to consider their own response to the tragic conflict of loyalties, with which I have myself wrestled for perhaps too long."<sup id="cite_ref-Observer_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observer-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few days later, <a href="Cledwyn_Hughes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cledwyn Hughes">Cledwyn Hughes</a>, the Labour leader in the Lords, said: "I much regretted the departure of Sir Geoffrey Howe from his office and from the Government. Sir Geoffrey was an outstanding member of the Prime Minister's Administration since 1979 and his decision to leave reveals a fatal flaw in the management of our affairs."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Although Howe subsequently wrote in his memoir <a href="#CITEREFHowe1994"><i>Conflict of Loyalty</i></a> that his intention was only to constrain any shift in European policy by the Cabinet under the existing prime minister, his speech is widely seen as the key catalyst for the leadership challenge mounted by Michael Heseltine a few days later.<sup id="cite_ref-Observer_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observer-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Thatcher won the most votes in the <a href="1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">leadership election</a>, she did not win by a large enough margin to win outright. Subsequently, she withdrew from the contest on 22 November.<sup id="cite_ref-1992_elex_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1992_elex-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five days later, Chancellor of the Exchequer John Major was elected party leader and thus became prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-1992_elex_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1992_elex-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change proved to be a positive one for the Tories, who had trailed Labour in most opinion polls by a double-digit margin throughout 1990 but soon returned to the top of the polls and won the <a href="1992_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1992 United Kingdom general election">general election in April 1992</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1992_elex_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1992_elex-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement">Retirement</h2></div>

<p>Howe retired from the House of Commons in 1992 and was made a <a href="Life_peer" title="Life peer">life peer</a> on 30 June 1992 as Baron Howe of <a href="Aberavon" title="Aberavon">Aberavon</a>, of <a href="Tandridge" title="Tandridge">Tandridge</a> in the <a href="County_of_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Surrey">County of Surrey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He published his memoirs <a href="#CITEREFHowe1994"><i>Conflict of Loyalty</i></a> (1994) soon after. In the Lords, Howe continued to speak on a wide range of foreign-policy and European issues and led opposition to the Labour government's plans from 1997 to <a href="Reform_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Reform of the House of Lords">convert the second chamber</a> into a largely elected body<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a position reiterated in the face of Coalition proposals in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He retired from the House of Lords on 19 May 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Following his retirement from the Commons, Howe took on several non-executive directorships in business and advisory posts in law and academia, including as an international political adviser to the US law firm <a href="Jones_Day" title="Jones Day">Jones Day</a>, a director of <a href="GlaxoSmithKline" class="mw-redirect" title="GlaxoSmithKline">GlaxoSmithKline</a> and <a href="J.P._Morgan_%26_Co." title="J.P. Morgan & Co.">J. P. Morgan</a>, and <a href="Visitor" title="Visitor">visitor</a> at the <a href="School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Oriental and African Studies">School of Oriental and African Studies</a> (SOAS), University of London.

</p><p>His wife, Elspeth, a former chairman of the <a href="Broadcasting_Standards_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting Standards Commission">Broadcasting Standards Commission</a>, was made a life peer in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baroness Howe of Idlicote and her husband were among the few couples holding titles in their own right. Lord Howe was a patron of the <a href="UK_Metric_Association" title="UK Metric Association">UK Metric Association</a> and the Conservative Foreign and Commonwealth Council.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howe was appointed a <a href="Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour">Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a> (CH) in the <a href="1996_Birthday_Honours" title="1996 Birthday Honours">1996 Birthday Honours</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an honorary fellow of SOAS.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1996 to 2006 he was president of the Academy of Experts and in November 2014 was made an honorary fellow of the organisation in recognition of his contribution to the development of methods of dispute resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Howe was a close friend of <a href="Ian_Gow" title="Ian Gow">Ian Gow</a>, the former MP, parliamentary private secretary, and personal confidant of Margaret Thatcher. He delivered the principal appreciation of Gow at the latter's memorial service after the IRA murdered Gow in July 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obituarists noted how Howe was "warm and well liked by colleagues",<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Nigel Lawson writing that he would be remembered by those who knew him "as one of the kindest and nicest men in politics"<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who, according to <a href="Andrew_Rawnsley" title="Andrew Rawnsley">Andrew Rawnsley</a> of <i><a href="The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>, was frequently spoken of by fellow politicians "as one of the most honest and decent practitioners of their profession".<sup id="cite_ref-Observer_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observer-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Howe died from a heart attack at his home in <a href="Idlicote" title="Idlicote">Idlicote</a>, Warwickshire, on 9 October 2015, at the age of 88.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-death_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-death-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div>

<p>Howe's dramatic resignation speech in the House of Commons formed the basis of <a href="Jonathan_Maitland" title="Jonathan Maitland">Jonathan Maitland</a>'s 2015 play <i>Dead Sheep</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howe was interviewed in 2012 as part of <a href="The_History_of_Parliament" title="The History of Parliament">The History of Parliament</a>'s oral history project.<sup id="cite_ref-HoPHowe_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoPHowe-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BLHowe_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLHowe-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Howe has been depicted multiple times in film and television, including being portrayed by <a href="Paul_Rogers_(actor)" title="Paul Rogers (actor)">Paul Rogers</a> in <i><a href="Thatcher%3A_The_Final_Days" title="Thatcher: The Final Days">Thatcher: The Final Days</a></i> (1991),<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="John_Sessions" title="John Sessions">John Sessions</a> in <i><a href="Margaret_(2009_film)" title="Margaret (2009 film)">Margaret</a></i> (2009),<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Anthony_Head" title="Anthony Head">Anthony Head</a> in <i><a href="The_Iron_Lady_(film)" title="The Iron Lady (film)">The Iron Lady</a></i> (2011),<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Paul_Jesson" title="Paul Jesson">Paul Jesson</a> in <a href="The_Crown_season_4" title="The Crown season 4">season four</a> of <i><a href="The_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Crown (TV series)">The Crown</a></i> (2020),<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Paul_Higgins_(actor)" title="Paul Higgins (actor)">Paul Higgins</a> in <i><a href="Brian_and_Maggie" title="Brian and Maggie">Brian and Maggie</a></i> (2025).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Geoffrey Howe

</caption>

</td>

<dl><dt>Crest</dt>

<dd>Upon a howe turfed Proper a wolf courant Sable mantled with a fleece of a sheep sans head holding in its mouth a remnant of cloth Gules.</dd>

<dt>Escutcheon</dt>

<dd>Chequy Or and Azure on a chief per pale Vert and Gules a portcullis chained Gold.</dd>

<dt>Supporters</dt>

<dd>Dexter a dragon Gules armed and langued Azure gorged with a collar compony Sable and Argent the Sable charged with a crescent Ermine the Argent with a rose Gules barbed and seeded Proper holding in its exterior foreclaw a sword erect Argent hilt pommel and quillons Or sinister a winged lion Or armed and langued Gules similarly gorged resting its interior hind leg upon a clarion also Gold.</dd>

<dt>Compartment</dt>

<dd>Three howes turfed with daffodils and sprigs of oak fructed all Proper.</dd>

<dt>Motto</dt>

<dd>Tibi Fidelis (To Yourself Be True)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clegg was chairman for the Pay Comparability Commission.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As noted, for example, by <a href="#CITEREFLawson2006">Lawson (2006</a>, p. 123) and preceding.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howe subsequently stated that the "last thing that people want to see here are clones of the clowns in the Commons", and served on the joint committee on the proposed legislation in 2002–03.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theyworkforyou.com/lords/?id=2011-07-01a.1973.0&s=Scottish%2C+a+quarter+Cornish+and+half+Welsh#g1977.0">"Devolution (Time) Bill [HL] – Second Reading"</a>. <i><a href="TheyWorkForYou" title="TheyWorkForYou">TheyWorkForYou</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060504/https://www.theyworkforyou.com/lords/?id=2011-07-01a.1973.0&s=Scottish,+a+quarter+Cornish+and+half+Welsh#g1977.0">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/oral-history/member/howe-geoffrey-1926">"Howe, Geoffrey (b.1926)"</a>. <i><a href="The_History_of_Parliament" title="The History of Parliament">The History of Parliament</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924212049/http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/oral-history/member/howe-geoffrey-1926">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-IndObit-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IndObit_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IndObit_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IndObit_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IndObit_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IndObit_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2015" class="citation web cs1">Barnes, John (11 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/geoffrey-howe-one-of-the-architects-of-the-thatcher-revolution-who-became-one-of-the-primary-factors-a6689811.html">"Geoffrey Howe: One of the architects of the Thatcher revolution who became one of the primary factors in her downfall"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924175937/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/geoffrey-howe-one-of-the-architects-of-the-thatcher-revolution-who-became-one-of-the-primary-factors-a6689811.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ODNB-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRiddell2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Peter_Riddell" title="Peter Riddell">Riddell, Peter</a> (10 January 2019). "Howe, (Richard Edward) Geoffrey, Baron Howe of Aberavon (1926–2015), politician". <i><a href="Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fodnb%2F9780198614128.013.110802">10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.110802</a>.</cite> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaybourne2014"Howe"-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaybourne2014"Howe"_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaybourne2014">Laybourne 2014</a>, "Howe".</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Telegraph_obit-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_obit_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_obit_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_obit_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_obit_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11924113/Geoffrey-Howe-obituary.html">"Geoffrey Howe – obituary"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. 12 October 2015. p. 29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161010044004/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11924113/Geoffrey-Howe-obituary.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKynaston2013158-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKynaston2013158_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKynaston2013">Kynaston 2013</a>, p. 158.</span>

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2003226-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2003226_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2003">Campbell 2003</a>, p. 226.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2003276-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2003276_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2003">Campbell 2003</a>, p. 276.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2003380-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2003380_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2003">Campbell 2003</a>, p. 380.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLexden2015" class="citation web cs1">Lexden, Alistair (30 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conservativehome.com/platform/2015/07/lord-lexden-remembering-ian-gow-mp-murdered-25-years-ago-today.html">"Remembering Ian Gow MP, murdered 25 years ago today"</a>. <i><a href="ConservativeHome" title="ConservativeHome">ConservativeHome</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190409140656/https://www.conservativehome.com/platform/2015/07/lord-lexden-remembering-ian-gow-mp-murdered-25-years-ago-today.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/obituaries/article4582878.ece">"Lord Howe of Aberavon"</a></span>. <i><a href="The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. 11 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030215812/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/obituaries/article4582878.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Lawson, Nigel</a> (11 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084433/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/Politics/article1618207.ece">"Chancellor who turned UK round"</a>. <i>The Sunday Times</i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/Politics/article1618207.ece">the original</a></span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-death-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-death_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34495827">"Ex-Tory chancellor Lord Geoffrey Howe dies aged 88"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007210440/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34495827">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBillington2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="Michael_Billington_(critic)" title="Michael Billington (critic)">Billington, Michael</a> (6 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2015/apr/06/dead-sheep-theatre-review-geoffrey-howe-margaret-thatcher">"Dead Sheep review – extremely entertaining bellwether politics"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150408043113/http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2015/apr/06/dead-sheep-theatre-review-geoffrey-howe-margaret-thatcher">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-HoPHowe-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HoPHowe_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/oral-history/member/howe-geoffrey-1926-2015">"Oral history: HOWE, Geoffrey (1926–2015)"</a>. <i>The History of Parliament</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924212049/http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/oral-history/member/howe-geoffrey-1926">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BLHowe-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BLHowe_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cadensa.bl.uk/uhtbin/cgisirsi/?ps=sYqoHlUTQ2/WORKS-FILE/46780027/9">"Baron Howe of Aberavon interviewed by Mike Greenwood"</a>. <a href="British_Library_Sound_Archive" title="British Library Sound Archive">British Library Sound Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305025559/http://cadensa.bl.uk/uhtbin/cgisirsi/?ps=sYqoHlUTQ2%2FWORKS-FILE%2F46780027%2F9">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSteven2013" class="citation web cs1">Steven, Alasdair (14 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708040837/https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/obituary-paul-rogers-actor-1558102">"Obituary: Paul Rogers, actor"</a>. <i><a href="The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/obituary-paul-rogers-actor-1558102">the original</a> on 8 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-54797823">"John Sessions: Stephen Fry leads tributes to 'lovable' comedian"</a>. <i><a href="BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 4 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFForeman2012" class="citation web cs1">Foreman, Jonathan (5 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250211124905/https://www.thejc.com/life/film/review-the-iron-lady-rw472vxy">"Review: The Iron Lady"</a>. <i><a href="The_Jewish_Chronicle" title="The Jewish Chronicle">The Jewish Chronicle</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/life/film/review-the-iron-lady-rw472vxy">the original</a> on 11 February 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFriedlander2024" class="citation web cs1">Friedlander, Whitney (5 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241222232436/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/awards/story/2024-06-05/crown-season-4-finale-diana-queen-elizabeth-margaret-thatcher">"How 'The Crown' re-created history while still respecting the women who suffered"</a>. <i><a href="Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/awards/story/2024-06-05/crown-season-4-finale-diana-queen-elizabeth-margaret-thatcher">the original</a> on 22 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250124122218/https://www.channel4.com/press/press-pack/brian-and-maggie-press-pack">"Brian and Maggie Press Pack"</a>. <i><a href="Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a></i>. 21 January 2025. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channel4.com/press/press-pack/brian-and-maggie-press-pack">the original</a> on 24 January 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Debrett's Peerage</i>. 2003. p. 820.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_Campbell_(biographer)" title="John Campbell (biographer)">Campbell, John</a> (2003). <i>Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady</i>. Vol. 2. Pimlico. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7126-6781-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDell1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Edmund_Dell" title="Edmund Dell">Dell, Edmund</a> (1997). <i>The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–1990</i>. HarperCollins. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-00-255558-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHowe1994" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Geoffrey (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conflictofloyalt0000howe"><i>Conflict of Loyalty</i></a></span>. London: Macmillan. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-333-59283-0</bdi> – via <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHurd2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Hurd, Douglas</a> (2003). <i>Memoirs</i>. Little, Brown. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-316-86147-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKynaston2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="David_Kynaston" title="David Kynaston">Kynaston, David</a> (2013). <i>Modernity Britain: Opening the Box 1957–1959</i>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7475-8893-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLawson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Lawson, Nigel</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f0Uv73xt6iYC&pg=PA123">"Changing the Consensus"</a></span>. In <a href="Howard_Davies_(economist)" title="Howard Davies (economist)">Howard Davies</a> (ed.). <i>The Chancellors' Tales: Managing the British Economy</i>. London: Polity Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7456-3885-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLaybourne2014" class="citation book cs1">Laybourne, Keith (2014). <i>British Political Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary</i>. University of Huddersfield Press.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMoore2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Charles_Moore%2C_Baron_Moore_of_Etchingham" title="Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham">Moore, Charles</a> (2013). <i>Margaret Thatcher: From Grantham to the Falklands</i>. Vol. 1. Knopf Publishing Group. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-307-95894-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOakland2002" class="citation book cs1">Oakland, John (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q5qFAgAAQBAJ"><i>Contemporary Britain: A Survey With Texts</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-134-74834-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFVinen2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Richard_Vinen" title="Richard Vinen">Vinen, Richard</a> (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZsXpZTCQKQC"><i>Thatcher's Britain: The Politics and Social Upheaval of the Thatcher Era</i></a></span>. Simon & Schuster (published 2013). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4711-2828-8</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1991" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, Stephen (1991). <i>And all My War is Done</i>. The Pentland Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-946270-99-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAitken2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Jonathan_Aitken" title="Jonathan Aitken">Aitken, Jonathan</a> (2013). <i>Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality</i>. Continuum book: A&C Black. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4088-3186-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMoore2015" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Charles (2015). <i>Margaret Thatcher: Everything She Wants</i>. Vol. 2. Allen Lane. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7139-9288-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRiddell1983" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Peter_Riddell" title="Peter Riddell">Riddell, Peter</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F303458a0">"The Thatcher Government"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>303</b> (5917). London: 458. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983Natur.303..458.">1983Natur.303..458.</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F303458a0">10.1038/303458a0</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4276172">4276172</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSkedChris_Cook1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Alan_Sked" title="Alan Sked">Sked, Alan</a>; Chris Cook (1984). <i>Post-War Britain, A Political History</i>. London.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFThatcher2012" class="citation book cs1">Thatcher, Margaret (2012). <a href="The_Downing_Street_Years" title="The Downing Street Years"><i>The Downing Street Years</i></a>. HarperPress. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-00-745663-5</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?3952">Appearances</a> on <a href="C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-geoffrey-howe">contributions in Parliament by Geoffrey Howe</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp05421">Portraits of Geoffrey Howe</a> at the <a href="National_Portrait_Gallery%2C_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> </li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b8948c9e-6f54-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html">Obituary, <i>Financial Times</i>, 11 October 2015</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/oct/10/lord-howe-of-aberavon">Obituary, <i>The Guardian</i>, 10 October 2015</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/geoffrey-howe-one-of-the-architects-of-the-thatcher-revolution-who-became-one-of-the-primary-factors-a6689811.html">Obituary, <i>The Independent</i>, 11 October 2015</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11924113/Geoffrey-Howe-obituary.html">Obituary, <i>The Telegraph</i>, 12 October 2015</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/obituaries/article4582878.ece">Obituary, <i>The Times</i>, 11 October 2015</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Deputy_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom261" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Deputy_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom261" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy prime ministers</a> of the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formally titled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Michael_Heseltine" title="Michael Heseltine">Michael Heseltine</a> (1995–1997)</li>

<li><a href="John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">John Prescott</a> (1997–2007)</li>

<li><a href="Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a> (2010–2015)</li>

<li><a href="Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Dominic Raab</a> (2021–2022)</li>

<li><a href="Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Coffey" title="Thérèse Coffey">Thérèse Coffey</a> (2022)</li>

<li><a href="Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Dominic Raab</a> (2022–2023)</li>

<li><a href="Oliver_Dowden" title="Oliver Dowden">Oliver Dowden</a> (2023–2024)</li>

<li><a href="Angela_Rayner" title="Angela Rayner">Angela Rayner</a> (2024–present)</li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others fitting definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> (1940–1945)</li>

<li><a href="Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> (1951–1955)</li>

<li><a href="Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a> (1955–1963)</li>

<li><a href="George_Brown%2C_Baron_George-Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown</a> (1964–1968)</li>

<li><a href="Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Reginald Maudling</a> (1970–1972)</li>

<li><a href="William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">William Whitelaw</a> (1979–1988)</li>

<li><a href="George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">George Osborne</a> (2015–2016)</li>

<li><a href="Damian_Green" title="Damian Green">Damian Green</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="David_Lidington" title="David Lidington">David Lidington</a> (2018–2019)</li>

<li><a href="Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Dominic Raab</a> (2019–2021)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_the_exchequer387" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Chancellors_of_the_exchequer387" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellors of the exchequer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eustace_of_Fauconberg" title="Eustace of Fauconberg">Eustace of Fauconberg</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Maunsell" title="John Maunsell">Maunsell</a></li>

<li>Leicester</li>

<li>Westminster</li>

<li><a href="John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">Chishull</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Giffard" title="Walter Giffard">W. Giffard</a></li>

<li><a href="Godfrey_Giffard" title="Godfrey Giffard">G. Giffard</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">Chishull</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_de_Willoughby" title="Philip de Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li>

<li><a href="John_de_Benstede" title="John de Benstede">Benstead</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Sandale" title="John Sandale">Sandale</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Hotham_(bishop)" title="John Hotham (bishop)">Hotham</a></li>

<li><a href="Hervey_de_Stanton" title="Hervey de Stanton">Stanton</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_de_Harvington" title="Adam de Harvington">Harvington</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Wodehouse" title="Robert Wodehouse">Wodehouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_de_Stratford" title="Robert de Stratford">Stratford</a></li>

<li>Ashby</li>

<li><a href="Robert_de_Ashton" title="Robert de Ashton">Ashton</a></li>

<li>Barnham</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Somer" title="Henry Somer">Somer</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Somerset" title="John Somerset">Somerset</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Browne_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Browne (died 1460)">Browne</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Witham" title="Thomas Witham">Witham</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Thwaites_(civil_servant)" title="Thomas Thwaites (civil servant)">Thwaites</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Witham" title="Thomas Witham">Witham</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Fowler_(chancellor)" title="Richard Fowler (chancellor)">Fowler</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Catesby" title="William Catesby">Catesby</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Lovell" title="Thomas Lovell">Lovell</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Bourchier%2C_2nd_Baron_Berners" title="John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners">Berners</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Baker_(died_1558)" title="John Baker (died 1558)">Baker</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Sackville_(escheator)" title="Richard Sackville (escheator)">Sackville</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Mildmay" title="Walter Mildmay">Mildmay</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Fortescue_of_Salden" title="John Fortescue of Salden">Fortescue</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Home%2C_1st_Earl_of_Dunbar" title="George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar">Dunbar</a></li>

<li><a href="Julius_Caesar_(judge)" title="Julius Caesar (judge)">Caesar</a></li>

<li><a href="Fulke_Greville%2C_1st_Baron_Brooke" title="Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke">Greville</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Weston%2C_1st_Earl_of_Portland" title="Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland">Portland</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Barrett%2C_1st_Lord_Barrett_of_Newburgh" title="Edward Barrett, 1st Lord Barrett of Newburgh">Barrett</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Cottington%2C_1st_Baron_Cottington" title="Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington">Cottington</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Colepeper%2C_1st_Baron_Colepeper" title="John Colepeper, 1st Baron Colepeper">Colepeper</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthony_Ashley_Cooper%2C_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Duncombe_(Bury_St_Edmunds_MP)" title="John Duncombe (Bury St Edmunds MP)">Duncombe</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Ernle" title="John Ernle">Ernle</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Booth%2C_1st_Earl_of_Warrington" title="Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington">Delamer</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Hampden" title="Richard Hampden">Hampden</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Montagu%2C_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax">Montagu</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Smith_(Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer)" title="John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)">Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Boyle%2C_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">Boyle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great Britain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Henry_Boyle%2C_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">Boyle</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Smith_(Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer)" title="John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)">Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Harley%2C_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer">Harley</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Benson%2C_1st_Baron_Bingley" title="Robert Benson, 1st Baron Bingley">Benson</a></li>

<li><a href="Sir_William_Wyndham%2C_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir William Wyndham, 3rd Baronet">Wyndham</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Onslow%2C_1st_Baron_Onslow" title="Richard Onslow, 1st Baron Onslow">Onslow</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Stanhope%2C_1st_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope">Stanhope</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Aislabie" title="John Aislabie">Aislabie</a></li>

<li><i><a href="John_Pratt_(judge)" title="John Pratt (judge)">Pratt</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Sandys%2C_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Lyttelton%2C_1st_Baron_Lyttelton" title="George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton">Lyttelton</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li>

<li><i><a href="William_Murray%2C_1st_Earl_of_Mansfield" title="William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield">Mansfield</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Barrington%2C_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Dashwood%2C_11th_Baron_le_Despencer" title="Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer">Dashwood</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Dowdeswell_(politician%2C_born_1721)" title="William Dowdeswell (politician, born 1721)">Dowdeswell</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend">Townshend</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederick_North%2C_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li>

<li><a href="Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Cavendish</a></li>

<li><a href="Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Cavendish</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Edward_Law%2C_1st_Baron_Ellenborough" title="Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough">Ellenborough</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice%2C_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Petty</a></li>

<li><a href="Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_Vansittart%2C_1st_Baron_Bexley" title="Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley">Vansittart</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nicholas_Vansittart%2C_1st_Baron_Bexley" title="Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley">Vansittart</a></li>

<li><a href="F._J._Robinson%2C_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Robinson</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Charles_Abbott%2C_1st_Baron_Tenterden" title="Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden">Tenterden</a></i></li>

<li><a href="John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Spencer%2C_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Thomas_Denman%2C_1st_Baron_Denman" title="Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman">Denman</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Spring_Rice%2C_1st_Baron_Monteagle_of_Brandon" title="Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon">Spring Rice</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Baring%2C_1st_Baron_Northbrook" title="Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook">Baring</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Cornewall_Lewis" title="George Cornewall Lewis">Lewis</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li>

<li><a href="Stafford_Northcote%2C_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Childers</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Hicks_Beach%2C_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li>

<li><a href="Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Goschen%2C_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">Goschen</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Hicks_Beach%2C_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Ritchie%2C_1st_Baron_Ritchie_of_Dundee" title="Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee">Ritchie</a></li>

<li><a href="Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li>

<li><a href="H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li>

<li><a href="Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">McKenna</a></li>

<li><a href="Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Horne%2C_1st_Viscount_Horne_of_Slamannan" title="Robert Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan">Horne</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li>

<li><a href="Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_Snowden%2C_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Snowden</a></li>

<li><a href="Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_Snowden%2C_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Snowden</a></li>

<li><a href="Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Simon%2C_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Anderson%2C_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Anderson</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Dalton</a></li>

<li><a href="Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li>

<li><a href="Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li>

<li><a href="Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li>

<li><a href="Derick_Heathcoat-Amory%2C_1st_Viscount_Amory" title="Derick Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Viscount Amory">Heathcoat-Amory</a></li>

<li><a href="Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li>

<li><a href="Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li>

<li><a href="Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li>

<li><a href="Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Barber</a></li>

<li><a href="Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li>

<li><a href="Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Lawson</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li>

<li><a href="Norman_Lamont" title="Norman Lamont">Lamont</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Clarke</a></li>

<li><a href="Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li>

<li><a href="Alistair_Darling" title="Alistair Darling">Darling</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">Osborne</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li>

<li><a href="Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Javid</a></li>

<li><a href="Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li>

<li><a href="Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kwasi_Kwarteng" title="Kwasi Kwarteng">Kwarteng</a></li>

<li><a href="Rachel_Reeves" title="Rachel Reeves">Reeves</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italic:</i> Interim chancellor of the exchequer, as <a href="Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justice</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom536" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom536" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Foreign_Secretary_(United_Kingdom)" title="Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)">Foreign secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Thomas_Robinson%2C_2nd_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham">Grantham</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Nugent-Temple-Grenville%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Buckingham" title="George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham">Temple</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Osborne%2C_5th_Duke_of_Leeds" title="Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds">Leeds</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Grenville%2C_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Jenkinson%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Hawkesbury</a></li>

<li><a href="Dudley_Ryder%2C_1st_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby">Harrowby</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Phipps%2C_1st_Earl_of_Mulgrave" title="Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave">Mulgrave</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Grey%2C_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Bathurst%2C_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Bathurst</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Wellesley%2C_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Stewart%2C_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Ward%2C_1st_Earl_of_Dudley" title="John Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley">Dudley</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Hamilton-Gordon%2C_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Hamilton-Gordon%2C_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li>

<li><a href="Granville_Leveson-Gower%2C_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Harris%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Villiers%2C_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Harris%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Villiers%2C_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Stanley%2C_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Villiers%2C_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li>

<li><a href="Granville_Leveson-Gower%2C_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Stanley%2C_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil%2C_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li>

<li><a href="Granville_Leveson-Gower%2C_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil%2C_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li>

<li><a href="Archibald_Primrose%2C_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li>

<li><a href="Stafford_Northcote%2C_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Iddesleigh</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil%2C_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li>

<li><a href="Archibald_Primrose%2C_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Wodehouse%2C_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil%2C_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice%2C_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Curzon%2C_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li>

<li><a href="Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li>

<li><a href="Rufus_Isaacs%2C_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Reading</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Simon%2C_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Hoare%2C_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Hoare</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Wood%2C_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Halifax</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Bevin</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li>

<li><a href="Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li>

<li><a href="Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li>

<li><a href="Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li>

<li><a href="Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Gordon Walker</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Stewart%2C_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Brown%2C_Baron_George-Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Stewart%2C_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign and <br>commonwealth affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Michael_Stewart%2C_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li>

<li><a href="Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Carington%2C_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li>

<li><a href="Malcolm_Rifkind" title="Malcolm Rifkind">Rifkind</a></li>

<li><a href="Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li>

<li><a href="Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">Miliband</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li>

<li><a href="Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li>

<li><a href="Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign, commonwealth and<br> development affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">Lammy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category:British secretaries of state</b></li>

<li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AUnited_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal:United Kingdom</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leaders of the House of Commons</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Sandys%2C_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Robinson%2C_1st_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham">Robinson</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Pitt%2C_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li>

<li><i><a href="1757_caretaker_ministry" title="1757 caretaker ministry">Vacant (caretaker ministry)</a></i></li>

<li><a href="William_Pitt%2C_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Seymour_Conway" title="Henry Seymour Conway">Conway</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederick_North%2C_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Townshend%2C_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Townshend</a></li>

<li>(<a href="Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a>/<a href="Frederick_North%2C_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a>)</li>

<li><a href="William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Grey%2C_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li>

<li><a href="Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Stewart%2C_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">Huskisson</a></li>